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2018年5月19日托福考试考前预测丨雷哥托福

2018-05-18 09:12:44 发布 来源:雷哥托福

每次托福考试前都会出很多的预测题,那么预测题会不会预测到呢?每个人心中都有自己的答案。其实不管托福预测能不能预测到真题,都是有用的,大家可以把预测题当做一次模拟考试,测试一下自己的水平。今天就和雷哥托福网的小编一起来看看2018年5月19日托福预测机经汇总。

 

托福口语预测:

TASK 1

1. Which of the following volunteer work would you like to do in your city: clean up the city; build more bicycle trails; plant more trees?

2. How will you be different five years in the future than you are now?

3. Describe a change in your school that was initially considered by students as having negative effects on their life but later proved to be positive?

4. Do you agree or disagree that taking personal computer into class will no longer be allowed?

5. What can we do to reduce air pollution? Give examples and details in your explanation.


6. Which of the following activities on weekends would you like to join? Attending sport events, visiting friends or cooking?

7. Which of the following classes would you like to choose: world economics, environmental science, art history.

8. Your friend plans to go to your country to study but has concern about expenditure, what is your advice for your friend?

9.  Talk about a friend of yours and how you met this person.

10. Your friend often feels nervous when speaking in front of a large group of people. What suggestions would you give him?

 

11. What kind of strategy do you use to handle an overwhelming amount of work.

12. Which of the following groups or clubs would you like to join? Campus newspaper, hiking club or dorm improvement committee.

13. Please describe one characteristic of a house or apartment that you think will make it a good place to live.

14. If your parents have some extra money, how would you like them to spend it?

15. Which one of the following jobs deserves a higher salary? Teacher, policeman or nurse?

 

16. Describe an occasion in your country where people give gifts to each other and a kind of gift that’s common.

17. What do you think is the best way for the tourists to know a city?  Taking an organized tour, Visiting the museums in the city, Walking down the city streets.

18. Some trains now have quiet cars where passengers are not allowed to speak loudly and use cell phones, laptops or other mobile devices that produce sound. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not.

19. If your friends’ family member were sick, what would you do to comfort him?

20. Which of the following attributes would you consider the most valuable in your roommates?

1) being friendly;

2) being quite;

3) has a good hygiene habit

 

TASK 2

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement, the most important element of a successful school is experienced teachers.

2. Do you think the boss should supervise his employee when they are working, or give his employee more freedom in work.

3. Which would you prefer: doing exercise everyday or only when you are free?

4. Some people like to take less informative but interesting lectures, others like to take boring but more content rich lectures. Which do you prefer?

5. Do you think it’s better for students to get some rest or to go get a part-time job during vacation?

 

6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Traveling to new places would be a pleasant memory instead of a time-consuming and energy-burning task.

7. Do you agree or disagree that robots are going to replace human beings to do work in the future?

8. Do you agree or disagree: children lead easier lives than adults.

9. Do you agree or disagree with the statement assignments handed in late should receive penalties.

10. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it’s more effective to work with a group when everyone has their responsibilities and duties.

 

11. Some students like to take notes in class, others prefer to mainly listen to the teacher. Which one do you prefer? Explain why?

12. When you take a trip, do you prefer to just look around, or do you prefer to take pictures and keep a journal on the trip.

13. People are never too late to receive university education to get a degree. Do you agree or disagree the above statement? Include reasons and examples to support your response.   

14. Agree or disagree: technology devices distance people far more now than before.

15. Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their hometown. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

 

16. Do you agree with the statement: it is easier for people today to lead a healthy life than people of 100 years ago. 

17. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the most important class can't be learned in the classroom?

18. Some people like to befriend people who share the same opinion, others like to befriend someone who holds different ideas. Which do you prefer?

19. Which one do you prefer, taking part in a lot of activities and arranging a full schedule, or having lots of free time in your schedule?

20. To be successful in sport, which is more important? Talent or hard work?

 

托福独 测:

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students do reading by their own personality is as important as, or more important than reading assigned by teachers.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for a university to have advanced facilities rather than hire more famous teachers.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Primary school is considering spend more time on teaching young student technology (like computers) than teaching music and art.


4. Children should spend most of the time playing and studying, and they should not be required to do household chores, like cooking or cleaning.

5. The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way?

i. providing a room for quiet study;

ii. building an exercise room;

iii. providing entertainment place(watch film).

6. Some believe that teachers (for students from age 14-18) should focus on lecturing and asking students to take notes during lectures. Others believe that teachers should get students involved in discussion and encourage them to exchange ideas in class. Which way of teaching do you think is more effective for students' learning?


托福听力预测:

Lecture :

  L1 Archaeology

  L1 Biology

  L1 Science

  L1 Psychology

  L2 Chemistry

  L3 Film studies

  L3 Oceanography

  L4 Art history

  L4 Theatre history

  L4 Environmental policy

 C1 student & professor-1.

 

  What is the student's attitude about speakingin front of other students?

  A. He thinksit will be fun.

  B. He viewsit as a useful opportunity.

  C. He feelsnervous about it.

  D. He prefersit to writing papers.

 C1 student & professor-2.

 

  The student talks about a species of fungus.What fact about the fungus interests him?

  A. It acts asa food source for other fungi.

  B. It growswell on wind farms.

  C. It can beused as an alternative source of energy.

  D. Itproduces chemicals that destroy toxins.

 C1 student & professor-3.

 

  Why does the professor mention trees andapples?

  A. To giveadvice on how to explain fungi and mushrooms

  B. To showhow the environment can affect growth rates

  C. To providean example of the effects of pesticides

D. To give anexample of how a wind farm replaced a fruit farm

 

 C1 student & professor-4.

  Why does the professor suggest that thestudent visit the greenhouse?

  A. Thestudent might be able to conduct a research study there.

  B. A mushroomspecies that interests the student is being grown there.

  C. Mushroomsgrow more quickly there than in other locations.

 D. Environmentallysafe growing techniques are demonstrated there.

 

 C1 student & professor-5.

  Why does the student go to see the professor?

  A. To getadvice about how much information to include in a paper he is writing

  B. To ask forpermission to change the topic of an assignment

  C. To gethelp choosing a topic for an assignment

  D. To discussthe results of research he has done for a paper he is writing

  参考答案:B/D/A/A/C

 

     C2 student & counselor-1.

  What are the speakers mainly discussing?

  A. Possible career choices for the woman

  B. Employment possibilities for the woman

  C. Procedures for applying for a university job

 D. Job skills the woman will need as a teacher

 

  C2 student & counselor-2.

  What does the counselor imply about the child-care center on campus?

  Click on 2 answers.

  A. It needs a coordinator for its outdoor activities.

  B. It hires people who can work during the day.

  C. A job there probably pays low wages.

 D. A job there requires a long-term commitment.

 

  C2 student & counselor-3.

  What is the main purpose of the questionnaire that the counselor asks the woman to fill out?

  A. To give feedback on the services provided by the career services office

  B. To help career counselors monitor students as they search for jobs

  C. To help career counselors keep track of how many students have been placed in jobs

 D. To help students identify their abilities and preferences

 

  C2 student & counselor-4.

  When should the woman make another appointment with the counselor?

  A. After she searches the job database

  B. After she revises her resume

  C. After she visits a child-care center

 D. After she talks to the director of the campus child-care center

 

 C2 student & counselor-5.

 What can be inferred about the woman?

  A. She does not remember where the child-care center is located.

  B. She would like the counselor to show her where the child-care center is located.

  C. She did not know that the university has a child-care center.

 D. She did not know that the child-care center recently moved to a new location.

 

参考答案:A/BC/D/A/C

 

核心词汇

overlap

[ˌəuvəˈlæp] n. 重叠部分; 覆盖物,涂盖层;vt. 重叠;

scholarship

[ˈskɔləʃip] n. 奖学金; 学术; 学识;

apartment

[əˈpɑ:tmənt] n. 寓所,住房; 房间; 公寓楼;

appearance

[əˈpiərəns] n. 外貌,外观; 出现,露面;

immediately

[iˈmi:diətli] adv. 立即,马上; 直接地; 紧接地;

employee

[ˌemplɔiˈi:] n. 雇工,雇员,职工;

popularity

[ˌpɔpjəˈlærɪti:] n. 普及; 流行; 名气,名望,通俗性,大众性; 人望

effectively

[ɪˈfektɪvli:] adv. 有效地; 实际上,事实上;

object

[ˈɔbdʒikt] n. 物体; 目标; 宾语; 客体,对象;

 

托福阅读预测:

P1: Vegetation of the sea is more primitive on the evolutionary scale than that of the land. Different varieties of seaweed vary tremendously in form and elaborateness of organization, ranging from single-celled, microscopic flagellates to giant kelp which grow to be five or six hundred feet long. They have no flowers or seeds, their reproduction and distribution being accomplished by asexual spores which are simpler structures than seeds. They do not have roots but are anchored to the substratum by a structure called a “holdfast" and absorb necessary mineral nutrients directly from the sea water through their leaf-like fronds. Like land plants, they possess chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis, through which they utilize the energy of sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from water, carbon dioxide, and, as required, other inorganic chemicals. These products differ chemically from their analogues in land plants, however.

 

•P2: Seaweeds are found throughout the world's oceans and seas, inhabiting about 2 percent of the seafloor. Most species of seaweed live directly on the seafloor where they grow on rock, sand, mud, and coral. Other species live on other organisms and as part of artificial surfaces like fouling communities (plants and animals that live on pilings, boat bottoms, and the like). Some seaweeds are very selective about the surfaces they attach to, whereas other seaweeds do not have this degree of specialization. The presence of benthic (living on the seafloor) seaweeds defines the inner continental shelf, where the marine community largely depends on the food and protection that seaweeds provide. Life on the outer continental shelf and in the deep sea is quite different in the absence of seaweeds. The distinction between the inner and outer shelves is based on the compensation depth of algae. The compensation depth is the depth of water at which there is just enough light for algae to survive. At that depth all the oxygen produced by photosynthesis is consumed by the algae's respiration, so that no further growth can occur.

 

•P3: Seaweed boundaries are not necessarily stable. The areas of the world most favorable to seaweed diversity include both sides of the North Pacific Ocean, Australia, southwestern Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea. Several physical and biological factors have been mentioned as potentially restrictive to seaweed distribution. Among these, temperature, sometimes in combination with some specific day length requirements for reproduction, is probably the most important. Some other factors critical in governing the distribution of seaweeds are duration of tidal exposure and desiccation, wave action and surge, salinity, and availability of mineral nutrients.

  题目:

  1.The word “artificial” in the paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  A. suitable

  B. human-made

  C. uneven

 D. Available

 

  2. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the outer continental shelf?

  A. The outer continental shelf contains more benthic seaweeds than the deep sea does.

  B. The outer continental shelf lacks enough sunlight to support the growth of algae.

  C. The outer continental shelf has a compensation depth that is about the same as that of the inner continental shelf.

D. The outer continental shelf has a greater variety of marine life than does the inner continental shelf.

 

  3. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of seaweeds EXCEPT:

  A. Seaweeds provide food and protection for other organisms.

  B. Seaweeds can grow on both living and nonliving things.

  C. Some seaweeds select specific surfaces to attach to, while others are not selective.

 D. Two percent of seaweed species live on the ocean floor.

 

  4. The word “duration”in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A. frequency

  B. force of impact

  C. length of time

 D. Occurrence

 

托福考试阅读机经之经典加试(部分内容):

  苏美尔文明:

It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers”. And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.

 

Thus the facts of geography tend to discourage the idea of uniting the entire Mesopotamian area under a single head. Rulers who had this ambition did not appear, so far as we know, until about a thousand years after the beginnings of Mesopotamian civilization, and they succeeded in carrying it out only for brief periods and at the cost of almost continuous warfare. As a consequence, the political history of ancient Mesopotamia has no underlying theme of the sort that divine kingship provides for Egypt. Local rivalries, foreign incursions, the sudden upsurge and equally sudden collapse of military power – these are its substance.

 

The origin of the Sumerians remains obscure. Their language is unrelated to any other known tongue. Sometimes before 4,000 B.C. they came to southern Mesopotamia, from Persia, and there, within the next thousand years, they founded a number of city-states and developed their distinctive form of writing in cuneiform (wedge-shaped) characters on clay tablets. Unfortunately, the tangible remains of Sumerian civilization are extremely scanty compared to those of ancient Egypt. Building stone being unavailable in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians used mud brick and wood, so that almost nothing is left of their architecture except the foundation. Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter; although some richly endowed tombs in the shape of vaulted chambers below ground from the early dynastic period have been found in the city of Ur. Our knowledge of Sumerian Civilization thus depends very largely on chance fragments brought to light by excavation, including vast numbers of inscribed clay tablets. Yet we have learned enough to form a general picture of this vigorous, inventive, and disciplined people.

 

Each Sumerian city-state had its own local god, who was regarded as its king and owner. It also had a human ruler, the steward of the divine sovereign, who led the people in serving the deity. The local god, in turn, was expected to plead the cause of his subjects among his follow deities who controlled the forces of nature such as wind and weather, water, fertility, and the heavenly bodies. Nor was the idea of divine ownership treated as a mere pious fiction. The god was quite literally believed to own not only the territory of the city-state but also the labor power of the population and its products. All these were subject to his commands, transmitted to people by his human steward. The result was an economic system. The temple controlled the pooling of labor and resources for communal enterprises, such as the building of dikes or irrigation ditches, and it collected and distributed a considerable part of the harvest. All this required the keeping of detailed written records. Hence, we need not be surprised to find that the texts of early Sumerian inscriptions deal very largely with economic and administrative rather than religious matters, although writing was a priestly privilege.


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雷哥托福>备考>2018年5月19日托福考试考前预测丨雷哥托福

2018年5月19日托福考试考前预测丨雷哥托福

2018-05-18 09:12:44 发布 来源: 雷哥托福 4926阅读

每次托福考试前都会出很多的预测题,那么预测题会不会预测到呢?每个人心中都有自己的答案。其实不管托福预测能不能预测到真题,都是有用的,大家可以把预测题当做一次模拟考试,测试一下自己的水平。今天就和雷哥托福网的小编一起来看看2018年5月19日托福预测机经汇总。

 

托福口语预测:

TASK 1

1. Which of the following volunteer work would you like to do in your city: clean up the city; build more bicycle trails; plant more trees?

2. How will you be different five years in the future than you are now?

3. Describe a change in your school that was initially considered by students as having negative effects on their life but later proved to be positive?

4. Do you agree or disagree that taking personal computer into class will no longer be allowed?

5. What can we do to reduce air pollution? Give examples and details in your explanation.


6. Which of the following activities on weekends would you like to join? Attending sport events, visiting friends or cooking?

7. Which of the following classes would you like to choose: world economics, environmental science, art history.

8. Your friend plans to go to your country to study but has concern about expenditure, what is your advice for your friend?

9.  Talk about a friend of yours and how you met this person.

10. Your friend often feels nervous when speaking in front of a large group of people. What suggestions would you give him?

 

11. What kind of strategy do you use to handle an overwhelming amount of work.

12. Which of the following groups or clubs would you like to join? Campus newspaper, hiking club or dorm improvement committee.

13. Please describe one characteristic of a house or apartment that you think will make it a good place to live.

14. If your parents have some extra money, how would you like them to spend it?

15. Which one of the following jobs deserves a higher salary? Teacher, policeman or nurse?

 

16. Describe an occasion in your country where people give gifts to each other and a kind of gift that’s common.

17. What do you think is the best way for the tourists to know a city?  Taking an organized tour, Visiting the museums in the city, Walking down the city streets.

18. Some trains now have quiet cars where passengers are not allowed to speak loudly and use cell phones, laptops or other mobile devices that produce sound. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not.

19. If your friends’ family member were sick, what would you do to comfort him?

20. Which of the following attributes would you consider the most valuable in your roommates?

1) being friendly;

2) being quite;

3) has a good hygiene habit

 

TASK 2

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement, the most important element of a successful school is experienced teachers.

2. Do you think the boss should supervise his employee when they are working, or give his employee more freedom in work.

3. Which would you prefer: doing exercise everyday or only when you are free?

4. Some people like to take less informative but interesting lectures, others like to take boring but more content rich lectures. Which do you prefer?

5. Do you think it’s better for students to get some rest or to go get a part-time job during vacation?

 

6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Traveling to new places would be a pleasant memory instead of a time-consuming and energy-burning task.

7. Do you agree or disagree that robots are going to replace human beings to do work in the future?

8. Do you agree or disagree: children lead easier lives than adults.

9. Do you agree or disagree with the statement assignments handed in late should receive penalties.

10. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it’s more effective to work with a group when everyone has their responsibilities and duties.

 

11. Some students like to take notes in class, others prefer to mainly listen to the teacher. Which one do you prefer? Explain why?

12. When you take a trip, do you prefer to just look around, or do you prefer to take pictures and keep a journal on the trip.

13. People are never too late to receive university education to get a degree. Do you agree or disagree the above statement? Include reasons and examples to support your response.   

14. Agree or disagree: technology devices distance people far more now than before.

15. Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their hometown. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

 

16. Do you agree with the statement: it is easier for people today to lead a healthy life than people of 100 years ago. 

17. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the most important class can't be learned in the classroom?

18. Some people like to befriend people who share the same opinion, others like to befriend someone who holds different ideas. Which do you prefer?

19. Which one do you prefer, taking part in a lot of activities and arranging a full schedule, or having lots of free time in your schedule?

20. To be successful in sport, which is more important? Talent or hard work?

 

托福独 测:

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students do reading by their own personality is as important as, or more important than reading assigned by teachers.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for a university to have advanced facilities rather than hire more famous teachers.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Primary school is considering spend more time on teaching young student technology (like computers) than teaching music and art.


4. Children should spend most of the time playing and studying, and they should not be required to do household chores, like cooking or cleaning.

5. The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way?

i. providing a room for quiet study;

ii. building an exercise room;

iii. providing entertainment place(watch film).

6. Some believe that teachers (for students from age 14-18) should focus on lecturing and asking students to take notes during lectures. Others believe that teachers should get students involved in discussion and encourage them to exchange ideas in class. Which way of teaching do you think is more effective for students' learning?


托福听力预测:

Lecture :

  L1 Archaeology

  L1 Biology

  L1 Science

  L1 Psychology

  L2 Chemistry

  L3 Film studies

  L3 Oceanography

  L4 Art history

  L4 Theatre history

  L4 Environmental policy

 C1 student & professor-1.

 

  What is the student's attitude about speakingin front of other students?

  A. He thinksit will be fun.

  B. He viewsit as a useful opportunity.

  C. He feelsnervous about it.

  D. He prefersit to writing papers.

 C1 student & professor-2.

 

  The student talks about a species of fungus.What fact about the fungus interests him?

  A. It acts asa food source for other fungi.

  B. It growswell on wind farms.

  C. It can beused as an alternative source of energy.

  D. Itproduces chemicals that destroy toxins.

 C1 student & professor-3.

 

  Why does the professor mention trees andapples?

  A. To giveadvice on how to explain fungi and mushrooms

  B. To showhow the environment can affect growth rates

  C. To providean example of the effects of pesticides

D. To give anexample of how a wind farm replaced a fruit farm

 

 C1 student & professor-4.

  Why does the professor suggest that thestudent visit the greenhouse?

  A. Thestudent might be able to conduct a research study there.

  B. A mushroomspecies that interests the student is being grown there.

  C. Mushroomsgrow more quickly there than in other locations.

 D. Environmentallysafe growing techniques are demonstrated there.

 

 C1 student & professor-5.

  Why does the student go to see the professor?

  A. To getadvice about how much information to include in a paper he is writing

  B. To ask forpermission to change the topic of an assignment

  C. To gethelp choosing a topic for an assignment

  D. To discussthe results of research he has done for a paper he is writing

  参考答案:B/D/A/A/C

 

     C2 student & counselor-1.

  What are the speakers mainly discussing?

  A. Possible career choices for the woman

  B. Employment possibilities for the woman

  C. Procedures for applying for a university job

 D. Job skills the woman will need as a teacher

 

  C2 student & counselor-2.

  What does the counselor imply about the child-care center on campus?

  Click on 2 answers.

  A. It needs a coordinator for its outdoor activities.

  B. It hires people who can work during the day.

  C. A job there probably pays low wages.

 D. A job there requires a long-term commitment.

 

  C2 student & counselor-3.

  What is the main purpose of the questionnaire that the counselor asks the woman to fill out?

  A. To give feedback on the services provided by the career services office

  B. To help career counselors monitor students as they search for jobs

  C. To help career counselors keep track of how many students have been placed in jobs

 D. To help students identify their abilities and preferences

 

  C2 student & counselor-4.

  When should the woman make another appointment with the counselor?

  A. After she searches the job database

  B. After she revises her resume

  C. After she visits a child-care center

 D. After she talks to the director of the campus child-care center

 

 C2 student & counselor-5.

 What can be inferred about the woman?

  A. She does not remember where the child-care center is located.

  B. She would like the counselor to show her where the child-care center is located.

  C. She did not know that the university has a child-care center.

 D. She did not know that the child-care center recently moved to a new location.

 

参考答案:A/BC/D/A/C

 

核心词汇

overlap

[ˌəuvəˈlæp] n. 重叠部分; 覆盖物,涂盖层;vt. 重叠;

scholarship

[ˈskɔləʃip] n. 奖学金; 学术; 学识;

apartment

[əˈpɑ:tmənt] n. 寓所,住房; 房间; 公寓楼;

appearance

[əˈpiərəns] n. 外貌,外观; 出现,露面;

immediately

[iˈmi:diətli] adv. 立即,马上; 直接地; 紧接地;

employee

[ˌemplɔiˈi:] n. 雇工,雇员,职工;

popularity

[ˌpɔpjəˈlærɪti:] n. 普及; 流行; 名气,名望,通俗性,大众性; 人望

effectively

[ɪˈfektɪvli:] adv. 有效地; 实际上,事实上;

object

[ˈɔbdʒikt] n. 物体; 目标; 宾语; 客体,对象;

 

托福阅读预测:

P1: Vegetation of the sea is more primitive on the evolutionary scale than that of the land. Different varieties of seaweed vary tremendously in form and elaborateness of organization, ranging from single-celled, microscopic flagellates to giant kelp which grow to be five or six hundred feet long. They have no flowers or seeds, their reproduction and distribution being accomplished by asexual spores which are simpler structures than seeds. They do not have roots but are anchored to the substratum by a structure called a “holdfast" and absorb necessary mineral nutrients directly from the sea water through their leaf-like fronds. Like land plants, they possess chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis, through which they utilize the energy of sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from water, carbon dioxide, and, as required, other inorganic chemicals. These products differ chemically from their analogues in land plants, however.

 

•P2: Seaweeds are found throughout the world's oceans and seas, inhabiting about 2 percent of the seafloor. Most species of seaweed live directly on the seafloor where they grow on rock, sand, mud, and coral. Other species live on other organisms and as part of artificial surfaces like fouling communities (plants and animals that live on pilings, boat bottoms, and the like). Some seaweeds are very selective about the surfaces they attach to, whereas other seaweeds do not have this degree of specialization. The presence of benthic (living on the seafloor) seaweeds defines the inner continental shelf, where the marine community largely depends on the food and protection that seaweeds provide. Life on the outer continental shelf and in the deep sea is quite different in the absence of seaweeds. The distinction between the inner and outer shelves is based on the compensation depth of algae. The compensation depth is the depth of water at which there is just enough light for algae to survive. At that depth all the oxygen produced by photosynthesis is consumed by the algae's respiration, so that no further growth can occur.

 

•P3: Seaweed boundaries are not necessarily stable. The areas of the world most favorable to seaweed diversity include both sides of the North Pacific Ocean, Australia, southwestern Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea. Several physical and biological factors have been mentioned as potentially restrictive to seaweed distribution. Among these, temperature, sometimes in combination with some specific day length requirements for reproduction, is probably the most important. Some other factors critical in governing the distribution of seaweeds are duration of tidal exposure and desiccation, wave action and surge, salinity, and availability of mineral nutrients.

  题目:

  1.The word “artificial” in the paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  A. suitable

  B. human-made

  C. uneven

 D. Available

 

  2. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the outer continental shelf?

  A. The outer continental shelf contains more benthic seaweeds than the deep sea does.

  B. The outer continental shelf lacks enough sunlight to support the growth of algae.

  C. The outer continental shelf has a compensation depth that is about the same as that of the inner continental shelf.

D. The outer continental shelf has a greater variety of marine life than does the inner continental shelf.

 

  3. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of seaweeds EXCEPT:

  A. Seaweeds provide food and protection for other organisms.

  B. Seaweeds can grow on both living and nonliving things.

  C. Some seaweeds select specific surfaces to attach to, while others are not selective.

 D. Two percent of seaweed species live on the ocean floor.

 

  4. The word “duration”in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A. frequency

  B. force of impact

  C. length of time

 D. Occurrence

 

托福考试阅读机经之经典加试(部分内容):

  苏美尔文明:

It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers”. And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.

 

Thus the facts of geography tend to discourage the idea of uniting the entire Mesopotamian area under a single head. Rulers who had this ambition did not appear, so far as we know, until about a thousand years after the beginnings of Mesopotamian civilization, and they succeeded in carrying it out only for brief periods and at the cost of almost continuous warfare. As a consequence, the political history of ancient Mesopotamia has no underlying theme of the sort that divine kingship provides for Egypt. Local rivalries, foreign incursions, the sudden upsurge and equally sudden collapse of military power – these are its substance.

 

The origin of the Sumerians remains obscure. Their language is unrelated to any other known tongue. Sometimes before 4,000 B.C. they came to southern Mesopotamia, from Persia, and there, within the next thousand years, they founded a number of city-states and developed their distinctive form of writing in cuneiform (wedge-shaped) characters on clay tablets. Unfortunately, the tangible remains of Sumerian civilization are extremely scanty compared to those of ancient Egypt. Building stone being unavailable in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians used mud brick and wood, so that almost nothing is left of their architecture except the foundation. Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter; although some richly endowed tombs in the shape of vaulted chambers below ground from the early dynastic period have been found in the city of Ur. Our knowledge of Sumerian Civilization thus depends very largely on chance fragments brought to light by excavation, including vast numbers of inscribed clay tablets. Yet we have learned enough to form a general picture of this vigorous, inventive, and disciplined people.

 

Each Sumerian city-state had its own local god, who was regarded as its king and owner. It also had a human ruler, the steward of the divine sovereign, who led the people in serving the deity. The local god, in turn, was expected to plead the cause of his subjects among his follow deities who controlled the forces of nature such as wind and weather, water, fertility, and the heavenly bodies. Nor was the idea of divine ownership treated as a mere pious fiction. The god was quite literally believed to own not only the territory of the city-state but also the labor power of the population and its products. All these were subject to his commands, transmitted to people by his human steward. The result was an economic system. The temple controlled the pooling of labor and resources for communal enterprises, such as the building of dikes or irrigation ditches, and it collected and distributed a considerable part of the harvest. All this required the keeping of detailed written records. Hence, we need not be surprised to find that the texts of early Sumerian inscriptions deal very largely with economic and administrative rather than religious matters, although writing was a priestly privilege.


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